MehaBlog Insights

8 Ways to Boost Your Career in 2008

2008-01-08T22:58:00.000-08:00

Within the technology industry, companies are looking for IT workers who possess highly-developed technical know-how, in addition to more general business knowledge and enhanced analytical skills. In 2008, recruiters are advising IT workers to take a number of proactive steps in order to update their skills and experiences to help employers fill these needs. In particular, IT workers should become more aware of trends within their respective industries, work to develop intangible skills and focus on new responsibilities that may be far removed from IT.

Security issues, especially those related to business continuity and disaster-recovery planning, are permeating all levels of the organization. As a result, it is important for IT workers to understand how business processes, technical requirements and security needs intersect. Secondly, IT workers need to learn how to re-engineer business processes and workflow, not just technical processes. The conventional wisdom is that IT is somehow responsible for keeping everything running and developing new systems, and this now applies to business processes.

Understanding how analytics can be used to guide business decisions is another way to boost your career. For example, organizations collect and analyze detailed data on their customers and then rely on IT staff members to analyze those findings. You can also make yourself more valuable by becoming more versatile, working with teams of workers from diverse departments and multidisciplinary teams, and becoming more adept at using data to evaluate performance. At the end of the day, you must learn to manage your own career, evaluate your skills and fill in what’s missing through certification, education and on-the-job experience.

Click Here to View Full Article : 8 Ways to Boost Your Career in 2008

The Rise of Parallelism (and Other Computing Challenges)

2007-12-16T22:48:00.000-08:00

International Science Grid This Week (12/12/07) El Baz, Didier Parallelism is no longer restricted to high-performance or high-speed computing, as it is used in PCs, cellular phones, and numerous other electronic devices, writes Didier El Baz, head of the Distributed Computing and Asynchronism team, LAAS-CNRS. El Baz says the arrival of grid computing and parallelism have raised numerous questions in computer science and numerical computing. The combination of parallel and distributed computing could potentially change the nature of computer science and numerical computing. To ensure efficient use of new parallel and distributed architectures, new concepts on communication, synchronization, fault tolerance, and auto-organization are needed and must be widely accepted. Manufacturers agree that future supercomputers will have massively parallel architectures that will need to be fault tolerant and well suited to dynamicity, which will require some type of auto-organization as controlling these large systems efficiently will not be possible entirely from the outside. Parallel and distributed algorithms will also have to be more adapt at coping with the asynchronous nature of communication networks and the faults in the system. These problems are attracting more and more attention, particularly from scientists working on communication libraries, and will need to be addressed to find solutions and drive the evolution of computing.

Click Here to View Full Articlehttp: http://www.isgtw.org/?pid=1000812

Amazon Launches the Kindle – A New way to read books

2007-11-20T20:01:00.000-08:00

For more details click on the picture.

Second Life's 2nd value

2007-11-11T20:04:00.001-08:00

As we all know, in the modern world, most of the people are spending most of their time with Internet. Despite of living in real world, they are living in the virtual world such as forum chatting, making internet friends, online shopping and so on.Virtual life is the computer simulation of life. Instead of flesh and bones, the creatures are made up of algorithms and bytes.

The following link leads you to know more about Second Life's 2nd value: Testing ideas by Steve Mollman for CNN.
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/BUSINESS/09/16/second.life/

Would U like to completely free from eyeglasses ?

2007-09-06T22:11:00.001-07:00

"Wow"; I can hear this wows from the people who suffer with their eye glasses when they read the question posted above.Yes ,surely there are posibilities to get off from suffering eye glasses.

In my article I do not want to recommend any treatment to take away the need for glasses or contacts. But I want to say some thing about LASIK with my friend's experience.

Recently my friend had a refractive surgery at Nawaloko Hospital. As usual she also had the idea that the LASIK is just a laser treatment. But before the day she had the operation, she understood there are three treatments under this refractive surgery depends on the patients corneal thickness and vision correction.

Yes ,there are three major refractive surgeries done in Sri Lanka.Those are LASIK and others are alternative to LASIK, they are LASEK and PRK.

What is LASIK?

LASIK is an elective laser eye surgery that reshapes the front surface of the eye (the cornea) to improve vision. It is the most popular vision correction procedure performed in the United States and worldwide. LASIK can correct a wide range of nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) and astigmatism.

LASIK eye surgery is a two-step procedure:

What is LASEK?

LASEK (or laser epithelial keratomileusis) is another laser vision correction procedure for patients whose corneas are too thin for LASIK. LASEK resembles PRK in that the surgeon doesn't create a LASIK-style flap in the first step of the procedure. But instead of removing the outer layer of corneal cells (the epithelium) completely, the LASEK surgeon creates an epithelial flap and replaces it after the excimer laser treatment is completed.

LASEK offers results that are similar to those achieved by LASIK, but (like PRK) it involves more post-operative discomfort and longer healing times.

What is PRK?

PRK (or photorefractive keratectomy) is the second most popular laser vision correction procedure. Like LASIK, PRK uses an excimer laser to reshape the cornea. But in PRK, the surgeon doesn't first create a corneal flap. Instead, the thin outer layer of corneal cells (the epithelium) is removed and the laser treatment is applied to the underlying corneal tissue (the stroma). After the laser treatment, the cornea is covered with a bandage contact lens. Within days, the removed epithelium grows back and the bandage contact lens is removed.

PRK offers results that are similar to those achieved by LASIK, but it involves more post-operative discomfort and longer healing times. PRK is often recommended for patients whose corneas are too thin for LASIK.

Here I do not want to say whether these surgeries are good or bad,but the person want to have these surgeries has to know the procedures , the recovery period and the good and bad side of each surgeries is better for his future.

My friend got LASEK surgery one week before and now she is in the recovery period.
There are so many articles available in the Internet.
For the quick reference see http://lasiksurgerynews.com/news

Free Online Books

2007-08-22T01:01:00.000-07:00

This site lists free online computer science, engineering and programming books, textbooks and lecture notes, all of which are legally and freely available over the Internet. :)

http://www.freetech books.com/

Rate My Professors

2007-08-07T01:22:00.000-07:00

Recently I got an email from my friend about this site where students can rate their professors. It also helps the students who are searching for their supervisors. They can first search for where they are going to do their research or other. Then they can choose their professors according to their rates.

So the guys they know the supervisor well can use this site to rate their professors , might help for the others.

For more details visit this site:
http://www.ratemypr ofessors. com

Social Networks

2007-08-02T00:41:00.001-07:00

The nodes in the social network are the people and groups while the links show relationships or flows between the nodes. I recently got to know about Facebook, one of the popular social networking service. I have been using LinkedIn for sometime and it's not new for me. Today I got an invitation from my friend to join in another social net working hi5.

There are several social net works. But it is good to have a membership of some of them. So we can have a doubt which links should suite to us? It depends on which type of relationships we want to have with others.

Here I am giving the usage of following social networks.

Hi5 - General
FaceBook -Started for colleges, then high schools, and now everyone.
LinkedIn- Business

The following link gives the detail of the award for the top social networks in 2006.

http://mashable.com/?p=1536

One night at Hotel Bluewater

2007-07-29T22:34:00.000-07:00

On 28th of July my family joined with my husband's office team to spend a day at Hotel Blue water. It is a five star hotel place on the beautiful Wadduwa beach in spacious gardens, dotted with many shady palm trees, 30 km south of Colombo.

My family started the journey at 9.30 am from our residence by our car. On the way my husband joined with their team members to play cricket at Mount Lavinia while myself and our daughter at his friends home near to the grounds. Then we all had our lunch atMount Lavinia Chinese Dragon and continued our travel to Wadduwa .

As we planned early we all reached the hotel around 3 p.m. It was a fun-filled weekend with more relaxation, food, dinner dance, sports and fun events.We returned on 29 th of July at 3p.m.

Here I am sharing some of our photos from my album( pls click on the above picture).

A History of Information Technology

2007-07-26T22:20:00.001-07:00

We can see many articles related with IT in English. This is my first try where I have written an article on the topic "A History of Information Technology " in Tamil. Which has been published on 11th of July 2007 in the supplementary magazine of "Veerakesai" named " Genous". Here I have blogged this article for the readers who are interested to view this article.

jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tuyhw;wpD}lhf xU gazk;

ehl;fs; efu;e;Jnfhz;Nl Nghfpd;wJ. vq;fisr; Rw;wp jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gy gupkhw;wq;fisf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; vd;whtJ xUehs; ,j;njhopy;El;gk; vq;fpUe;J te;jJ> vjw;fhf te;jJ vd;W Nahrpj;jpUg;Nghkh? ,d;W cq;fis mnkupf;f tuyhw;wpd; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;Nwd;.

mnkupf;f tuyhw;wpy; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;lhdJ gy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;TfshYk; gy Gjpa Af;jpfisf; ifahz;l Nghu;fs; Nghd;w tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpahYk; tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpfspd; tsu;r;rpahYk; jd;dpaf;f fUtpfspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshYk; epiwe;j fhyg; gFjpahFk;. Mdhy; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahdJ Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;iw gpd;js;sp tpl;lJ vd;W $wpdhy; kpifahfhJ. me;jstpw;F xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f Kbahj tsu;r;rp 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ.

jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ jfty;fis gbKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghf Nrkpj;J itj;J NtW ,lq;fspw;F mDg;GtjpYk; my;yJ Njitahd jfty;fis NtW ,lq;fspypUe;J ngWtjpYk; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. $l;ly; fUtp (Addin Machine), Slide rule kw;Wk; fzpg; nghwpfs; vd;gd fzf;fPLfspYk;> jl;lr;R (Type writer), Word Processor vd;gd jfty;fis Njitahd tbtpy; njhFg;gjw;Fk; njhiyNgrp> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;wd jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd fUtpfshFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l kpfg; ngupa tug;gpurhjk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;glf; $baJ fzpdpfspd; fz;Lgpbg;GfshFk;. fzpdpfshdJ Muk;g fhyq;fspy; rpf;fyhd fzf;fPLfis jPu;g;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> fhe;j ehlhf;fs; (Magnetic tape)Nghd;w jfty;fs; Nrkpg;ghd;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshdJ> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fzpdpahdJ rpf;fyhd fzf;Ffis jPu;g;gjw;fhf kl;Lky;yhJ jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iw Ntz;bathW gbKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;w vz;zj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,J Nghd;W nrhw;fis ifahSk; nkd; nghUl;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;ghdJ nrhw;fis gjpT nra;J njhFg;Gfshf cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; xt;nthU jdpkdpjidAk; cyfj;jpd; ve;j xU ,lj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; Vida kf;fSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;j topNfhypaJ.

,t;tuyhw;Wg; gazj;jpy; mLj;jjhf jfty;fisg; gbKiwg;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs;> njhiyj;njhlu;G Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; fzpdpfspd; jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;g;Nghk;. mj;Jld; xt;nthU fhyg; gFjpahdJk; ,f;fz;Lgpbg;Gfspy; vt;thW nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaJ vd;gijAk; ,q;F rw;W Nehf;FNthk;. NkYk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ehq;fs; xU tplaj;ij ftdpg;Nghkhdhy; mjpfkhf ,g;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfshdJ VjhtJ xU fUtpia NtW xU Gjpa fUtpapdhy; khw;wPL nra;fpd;wjhfNth my;yJ Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpia NkYk; nkUNfw;Wfpd;wjhfNth mike;jpUe;jJ.

jfty;fis cs;thq;Ftjw;Fk; mtw;iw Njitf;Nfw;g gbKiwg;gLj;jp Gjpa tbtpy; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd NghJ njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; ,k;Kf;fpa njhopy;El;gj;jpd; fhyg; gFjpia ehd;F fhyg; gFjpfshf gpupf;fyhk;. mitahtd

(1) ,ae;jputpaypd; Muk;g fhyg; gFjp ( Pre mechanical)

(2) ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg; gFjp (Mechanical)

(3) kpd;rhu ,ae;jputpay; fhyg; gFjp (Electro Mechanical)

(4) ,yj;jpudpay; fhyg;gFjp (Electronical)

I ,ae;jputpaypd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjp (fp.K. 3000 fp.gp. 1450)

Muk;gj;jpy; kdpjd; thu;j;ijfshYk; tiujyhYk; Vida kdpju;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. fp.K. 3000 Mk; Mz;by; RNkupad;fs; tpspg;GfisAila vOj;Jfis (Cuneitorm) tiuaWj;jhu;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l fp.K. 2000 ,y; Ngdprpad;fs; (Phoenicians) rpy FwpaPLfis cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. mjidj;njhlu;e;J fpNuf;fu;fs; Nghdprpad; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fisAk; (Alphabets) Mq;fpy capu; vOj;Jf;fisAk; (Vowels) xd;whf;fpdhu;fs;. Nuhku;fs; ,d;W ehk; ghtpf;Fk; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fspw;fhd ,yj;jpd; (Latin) ngaiuj; je;jhu;fs;.

RNkupad;fs; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; (Clay) milahsq;fisf; fPwpdhu;fs;. fp. K. 2600 fspy; vfpg;jpau;fs; Papyrus; vDk; jhtuj;jpy; vOjpdhu;fs;. fp. gp 100 fspy; rPdu;fs; juk; Fiwe;j fhfpjj;jhs;fis cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. ,JNt ,d;iwa fhfpj tbtikg;gpd; %y cUthf;fkhf mike;jJ.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; nkrg;gj;NjhkpahtpYs;s kj FUkhu;fs; Gj;jfq;fis ghJfhj;J itj;jhu;fs;. fp. gp. 600 fspy; fpNuf;fu;fs; Papyrus jhtu ,iyfspy; jhs;fis cUthf;fp mtw;iw xd;whff; fl;b itj;jhu;fs;.

,d;W Gof;fj;jpYs;sJ Nghd;w ,yf;fq;fshdJ fp. gp. 100 ,w;F fp.gp. 200 w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;j ,e;Jf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; Kjy; 1 9 ,yf;fq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l fp. gp. 875 ,y; G+r;rpaj;ijg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; (,yf;fq;fis) ifahSk; KjyhtJ fUtpahf mghf;f]; (Abacus) fzpg; nghwp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

II ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg; gFjp (1450-1840)

Johann Gutenberg vd;gtu; ,lj;Jf;fplk; nfhz;L nry;yf; $ba cyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;Ak; Kiwia 1450 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Gj;jfq;fspd; gf;fq;fspw;F ,yf;fk; ,Lk; Kiw tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. NkYk; ,yf;fq;fisf; ifahSk; gzpfspy; William Oughtred vd;gtu; Slide rule I fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. Muk;gfhy analog; fzpdpfspw;F ,J xU cjhuzkhf mike;jJ.

1623 62 fhyg; gFjpapy; Basic Pascal vd;gtu; Pascaline vd;w fUtpia cUthf;fpdhu;.

The Pascaline (front)

Diagram of interior

N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j fzpjtpayhsUk; nfhs;ifahsUkhd Gottfiried Wilhelm von Leibniz vd;gtu; L:eibniz's; ,ae;jpuj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

Charled Babbage vd;Dk; Mq;fpy fzpjtpayhsu; 1792-1871 fspy; Babbage's engine I cUthf;fpdhu;. . Difference Engine 1822 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

III kpd; ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg;gFjp (1840-1940)

fhd]; kpd;rhuj;jpd; (Harness electricity) fz;Lgpbg;ghdJ ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Kf;fpa tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. jfty;fshdJ ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; kpd;dpay; Jbg;Gfshf khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; njhiyj; njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;

(i) 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; voltaic battery mwpKfk;.

(ii) je;jp 1800 fspy; mwpKfk;

(iii) rhKty; Nkh]; vd;gtuhy; 1830 ,y; Morse code cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

(iv) njhiyNgrp 1876 ,y; Alexander Graham Bell vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

(v) Guglelmo Marconi vd;gtuhy; 1894 ,y; thndhyp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

kpd; ,ae;jpu fzpg;nghwp Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l ,f;fhy tsu;r;rpahf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

(vi) Census Machine

(vii) Muk;g fhy Punch card

Punch card workers

(viii) ru;tNjr tpahghu ,ae;jpu $l;Lj;jhgdkhfpa IBM cUthf;fk;

(International Business Machines Corporation)

(ix) Harvard gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nru;e;j PhD khztdhfpa Howard Ailcen, Mark I I cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jd; cUthf;fk; 1942 ,y; G+u;j;jpahfpaJ. 750>000 gFjpfisf; nfhz;l ,t;tikg;G 8 mb cauKk; 51 mb ePsKk; 2 mb mfyKk; 5 njhd; epiwAk; nfhz;lJ।

Mark I

jfty;fis Nrkpf;ff; $ba fhfpj ehlhf;fs;

IV ,yj;jpudpaw; fhyg; gFjp (1940-,d;Wtiu)

KjyhtJ Kaw;rpahf 1940 ,d; Muk;g fhyg; gFjpapy; ,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. (Electronic Vaccum tubes) KjyhtJ mjpNtf nghJthd ghtidf;fhd (General purpose) fzpdpfs; ,t;tpyj;jpudpay; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jpd.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrators and Computer) 1946 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; fzpdpahFk;. ,J John Mauchy kw;Wk; J. Prosper Eckert vd;gtu;fshy; cUthf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,jw;F mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; jdJ gz cjtpfis toq;fpaJ. Mdhy; ,f;fzpdpahdJ jfty;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

KjyhtJ jfty;fis Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba fzpdpahf 1940 ,y; Mauchy kw;Wk; Eckert MfpNahu; EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) I tbtikf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. John Von Neumann's 1945 ,y; ,jdJ nraw;ghLfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis njhFj;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis 1948 ,y; Manchester Mark I ghtidf;F tplg;gl;lJ

,JNt jfty;fis Nrkpf;ff; $ba KjyhtJ fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

Cambridge gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpupj;jhdpa tpQ;Qhdpahd Maurice Wilkes 1949 ,y; EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calulator) w;fhd Ntiyfis G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;. ,J EDVAC apd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F 2 tUlq;fs; Kd;dNu cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,JNt jfty;fis Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba nghJg; ghtidf;fhd KjyhtJ fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

gpd;du; KjyhtJ tu;j;jf ghtidf;fhd fzpdpahd UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J 1940 ,d; gpw;fhyg; gFjpapy; Eckert kw;Wk; Mauchy vd;gtu;fshy; cUthf;fj; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; UNIVAC MdJ ghtidf;F tplg;gLk; Kd;dNu LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) vd;Dk; ,ae;jpuk; ghtidf;F te;jjhy; ,JNt KjyhtJ tu;j;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

,yj;jpudpay; fzpdpfspd; ehd;F re;jjpfs; (4 Generation)

(i) KjyhtJ re;jjp (First Generation (1951 -1958) )

ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; ,jd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf mike;jJ. jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;F fhe;j cUisfs; ghtpf;fg;gl;l gbKiwfs; (Programs) Machine Language ,Yk; Assembly Language ,Yk; vOjg;gl;ld. Compiler fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld.

(ii),uz;lhtJ rj;jp (Second Genertaion (1959 - 1963))

,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; Transistors; My; khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;ld. ntspaf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf fhe;j ehlhf;fSk;> tl;lj; jl;Lf;fSk; (Disks) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Managetic Cores; cs;sf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. cau;uf fzpdp nkhopfshd FORTRAN kw;Wk; COBOL gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

(iii) %d;whtJre;jjp (Third Generation (1964 - 1979) )

jdpg;gl;l Transistors MdJ Integrated Circuits My; gpujpaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. Magnetic tape ck; Disks; ck; Kw;WKOjhf ntspaf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductors) cs;sf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Operation system; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ fzpdpahd nkhopahf BASIC gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Microsoft ,d; Muk;g cUthf;fk; 1975 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

(v) ehd;fhtJ re;jjp (Fourth Generation (1979 ,d;W tiu)

LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circutis) ck; (Very Large Scale Integreated Circuits) ck; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd. Momery, Logic kw;Wk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;L (Control) gFjpfs; %d;Wk; xd;whf xU Chip Mf cUthf;fg;gl;l CPU mwpKfkhdJ.

ehd;fhtJ re;jjpf;fhd fzpdp nkhopahf Visicale, Lotus 1-2- 3, deBase kw;Wk; Microsoft Word; vd;gd ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. ghtidahsu;fspw;F ,yFthf ifahsf; $bajhf GUI (Graphical User Interface) 1980 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Ms Windows; ,d; Kjy;tbtk; 1983 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Apples; fzpdpfspy; GUI 1984 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Reference