A History of Information Technology

We can see many articles related with IT in English. This is my first try where I have written an article on the topic "A History of Information Technology " in Tamil. Which has been published on 11th of July 2007 in the supplementary magazine of "Veerakesai" named " Genous". Here I have blogged this article for the readers who are interested to view this article.

jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tuyhw;wpD}lhf xU gazk;

ehl;fs; efu;e;Jnfhz;Nl Nghfpd;wJ. vq;fisr; Rw;wp jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gy gupkhw;wq;fisf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; vd;whtJ xUehs; ,j;njhopy;El;gk; vq;fpUe;J te;jJ> vjw;fhf te;jJ vd;W Nahrpj;jpUg;Nghkh? ,d;W cq;fis mnkupf;f tuyhw;wpd; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;Nwd;.

mnkupf;f tuyhw;wpy; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;lhdJ gy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;TfshYk; gy Gjpa Af;jpfisf; ifahz;l Nghu;fs; Nghd;w tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpahYk; tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpfspd; tsu;r;rpahYk; jd;dpaf;f fUtpfspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshYk; epiwe;j fhyg; gFjpahFk;. Mdhy; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahdJ Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;iw gpd;js;sp tpl;lJ vd;W $wpdhy; kpifahfhJ. me;jstpw;F xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f Kbahj tsu;r;rp 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ.

jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ jfty;fis gbKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghf Nrkpj;J itj;J NtW ,lq;fspw;F mDg;GtjpYk; my;yJ Njitahd jfty;fis NtW ,lq;fspypUe;J ngWtjpYk; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. $l;ly; fUtp (Addin Machine), Slide rule kw;Wk; fzpg; nghwpfs; vd;gd fzf;fPLfspYk;> jl;lr;R (Type writer), Word Processor vd;gd jfty;fis Njitahd tbtpy; njhFg;gjw;Fk; njhiyNgrp> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;wd jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd fUtpfshFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l kpfg; ngupa tug;gpurhjk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;glf; $baJ fzpdpfspd; fz;Lgpbg;GfshFk;. fzpdpfshdJ Muk;g fhyq;fspy; rpf;fyhd fzf;fPLfis jPu;g;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> fhe;j ehlhf;fs; (Magnetic tape)Nghd;w jfty;fs; Nrkpg;ghd;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshdJ> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fzpdpahdJ rpf;fyhd fzf;Ffis jPu;g;gjw;fhf kl;Lky;yhJ jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iw Ntz;bathW gbKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;w vz;zj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,J Nghd;W nrhw;fis ifahSk; nkd; nghUl;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;ghdJ nrhw;fis gjpT nra;J njhFg;Gfshf cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; xt;nthU jdpkdpjidAk; cyfj;jpd; ve;j xU ,lj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; Vida kf;fSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;j topNfhypaJ.

,t;tuyhw;Wg; gazj;jpy; mLj;jjhf jfty;fisg; gbKiwg;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs;> njhiyj;njhlu;G Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; fzpdpfspd; jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;g;Nghk;. mj;Jld; xt;nthU fhyg; gFjpahdJk; ,f;fz;Lgpbg;Gfspy; vt;thW nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaJ vd;gijAk; ,q;F rw;W Nehf;FNthk;. NkYk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ehq;fs; xU tplaj;ij ftdpg;Nghkhdhy; mjpfkhf ,g;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfshdJ VjhtJ xU fUtpia NtW xU Gjpa fUtpapdhy; khw;wPL nra;fpd;wjhfNth my;yJ Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpia NkYk; nkUNfw;Wfpd;wjhfNth mike;jpUe;jJ.

jfty;fis cs;thq;Ftjw;Fk; mtw;iw Njitf;Nfw;g gbKiwg;gLj;jp Gjpa tbtpy; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd NghJ njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; ,k;Kf;fpa njhopy;El;gj;jpd; fhyg; gFjpia ehd;F fhyg; gFjpfshf gpupf;fyhk;. mitahtd

(1) ,ae;jputpaypd; Muk;g fhyg; gFjp ( Pre mechanical)

(2) ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg; gFjp (Mechanical)

(3) kpd;rhu ,ae;jputpay; fhyg; gFjp (Electro Mechanical)

(4) ,yj;jpudpay; fhyg;gFjp (Electronical)

I ,ae;jputpaypd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjp (fp.K. 3000 fp.gp. 1450)

Muk;gj;jpy; kdpjd; thu;j;ijfshYk; tiujyhYk; Vida kdpju;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. fp.K. 3000 Mk; Mz;by; RNkupad;fs; tpspg;GfisAila vOj;Jfis (Cuneitorm) tiuaWj;jhu;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l fp.K. 2000 ,y; Ngdprpad;fs; (Phoenicians) rpy FwpaPLfis cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. mjidj;njhlu;e;J fpNuf;fu;fs; Nghdprpad; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fisAk; (Alphabets) Mq;fpy capu; vOj;Jf;fisAk; (Vowels) xd;whf;fpdhu;fs;. Nuhku;fs; ,d;W ehk; ghtpf;Fk; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fspw;fhd ,yj;jpd; (Latin) ngaiuj; je;jhu;fs;.

RNkupad;fs; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; (Clay) milahsq;fisf; fPwpdhu;fs;. fp. K. 2600 fspy; vfpg;jpau;fs; Papyrus; vDk; jhtuj;jpy; vOjpdhu;fs;. fp. gp 100 fspy; rPdu;fs; juk; Fiwe;j fhfpjj;jhs;fis cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. ,JNt ,d;iwa fhfpj tbtikg;gpd; %y cUthf;fkhf mike;jJ.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; nkrg;gj;NjhkpahtpYs;s kj FUkhu;fs; Gj;jfq;fis ghJfhj;J itj;jhu;fs;. fp. gp. 600 fspy; fpNuf;fu;fs; Papyrus jhtu ,iyfspy; jhs;fis cUthf;fp mtw;iw xd;whff; fl;b itj;jhu;fs;.

,d;W Gof;fj;jpYs;sJ Nghd;w ,yf;fq;fshdJ fp. gp. 100 ,w;F fp.gp. 200 w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;j ,e;Jf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; Kjy; 1 9 ,yf;fq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l fp. gp. 875 ,y; G+r;rpaj;ijg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; (,yf;fq;fis) ifahSk; KjyhtJ fUtpahf mghf;f]; (Abacus) fzpg; nghwp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

II ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg; gFjp (1450-1840)

Johann Gutenberg vd;gtu; ,lj;Jf;fplk; nfhz;L nry;yf; $ba cyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;Ak; Kiwia 1450 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Gj;jfq;fspd; gf;fq;fspw;F ,yf;fk; ,Lk; Kiw tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. NkYk; ,yf;fq;fisf; ifahSk; gzpfspy; William Oughtred vd;gtu; Slide rule I fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. Muk;gfhy analog; fzpdpfspw;F ,J xU cjhuzkhf mike;jJ.

1623 62 fhyg; gFjpapy; Basic Pascal vd;gtu; Pascaline vd;w fUtpia cUthf;fpdhu;.

The Pascaline (front)

Diagram of interior

N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j fzpjtpayhsUk; nfhs;ifahsUkhd Gottfiried Wilhelm von Leibniz vd;gtu; L:eibniz's; ,ae;jpuj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

Charled Babbage vd;Dk; Mq;fpy fzpjtpayhsu; 1792-1871 fspy; Babbage's engine I cUthf;fpdhu;. . Difference Engine 1822 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

III kpd; ,ae;jputpaw; fhyg;gFjp (1840-1940)

fhd]; kpd;rhuj;jpd; (Harness electricity) fz;Lgpbg;ghdJ ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Kf;fpa tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. jfty;fshdJ ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; kpd;dpay; Jbg;Gfshf khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; njhiyj; njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;

(i) 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; voltaic battery mwpKfk;.

(ii) je;jp 1800 fspy; mwpKfk;

(iii) rhKty; Nkh]; vd;gtuhy; 1830 ,y; Morse code cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

(iv) njhiyNgrp 1876 ,y; Alexander Graham Bell vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

(v) Guglelmo Marconi vd;gtuhy; 1894 ,y; thndhyp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

kpd; ,ae;jpu fzpg;nghwp Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l ,f;fhy tsu;r;rpahf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

(vi) Census Machine

(vii) Muk;g fhy Punch card

Punch card workers

(viii) ru;tNjr tpahghu ,ae;jpu $l;Lj;jhgdkhfpa IBM cUthf;fk;

(International Business Machines Corporation)

(ix) Harvard gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nru;e;j PhD khztdhfpa Howard Ailcen, Mark I I cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jd; cUthf;fk; 1942 ,y; G+u;j;jpahfpaJ. 750>000 gFjpfisf; nfhz;l ,t;tikg;G 8 mb cauKk; 51 mb ePsKk; 2 mb mfyKk; 5 njhd; epiwAk; nfhz;lJ।

Mark I

jfty;fis Nrkpf;ff; $ba fhfpj ehlhf;fs;

IV ,yj;jpudpaw; fhyg; gFjp (1940-,d;Wtiu)

KjyhtJ Kaw;rpahf 1940 ,d; Muk;g fhyg; gFjpapy; ,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. (Electronic Vaccum tubes) KjyhtJ mjpNtf nghJthd ghtidf;fhd (General purpose) fzpdpfs; ,t;tpyj;jpudpay; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jpd.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrators and Computer) 1946 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; fzpdpahFk;. ,J John Mauchy kw;Wk; J. Prosper Eckert vd;gtu;fshy; cUthf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,jw;F mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; jdJ gz cjtpfis toq;fpaJ. Mdhy; ,f;fzpdpahdJ jfty;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

KjyhtJ jfty;fis Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba fzpdpahf 1940 ,y; Mauchy kw;Wk; Eckert MfpNahu; EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) I tbtikf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. John Von Neumann's 1945 ,y; ,jdJ nraw;ghLfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis njhFj;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis 1948 ,y; Manchester Mark I ghtidf;F tplg;gl;lJ

,JNt jfty;fis Nrkpf;ff; $ba KjyhtJ fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

Cambridge gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpupj;jhdpa tpQ;Qhdpahd Maurice Wilkes 1949 ,y; EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calulator) w;fhd Ntiyfis G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;. ,J EDVAC apd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F 2 tUlq;fs; Kd;dNu cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,JNt jfty;fis Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba nghJg; ghtidf;fhd KjyhtJ fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

gpd;du; KjyhtJ tu;j;jf ghtidf;fhd fzpdpahd UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J 1940 ,d; gpw;fhyg; gFjpapy; Eckert kw;Wk; Mauchy vd;gtu;fshy; cUthf;fj; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; UNIVAC MdJ ghtidf;F tplg;gLk; Kd;dNu LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) vd;Dk; ,ae;jpuk; ghtidf;F te;jjhy; ,JNt KjyhtJ tu;j;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpahf mike;jJ.

,yj;jpudpay; fzpdpfspd; ehd;F re;jjpfs; (4 Generation)

(i) KjyhtJ re;jjp (First Generation (1951 -1958) )

ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; ,jd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf mike;jJ. jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;F fhe;j cUisfs; ghtpf;fg;gl;l gbKiwfs; (Programs) Machine Language ,Yk; Assembly Language ,Yk; vOjg;gl;ld. Compiler fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld.

(ii),uz;lhtJ rj;jp (Second Genertaion (1959 - 1963))

,yj;jpudpay; ntw;Wf; Foha;fs; Transistors; My; khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;ld. ntspaf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf fhe;j ehlhf;fSk;> tl;lj; jl;Lf;fSk; (Disks) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Managetic Cores; cs;sf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. cau;uf fzpdp nkhopfshd FORTRAN kw;Wk; COBOL gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

(iii) %d;whtJre;jjp (Third Generation (1964 - 1979) )

jdpg;gl;l Transistors MdJ Integrated Circuits My; gpujpaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. Magnetic tape ck; Disks; ck; Kw;WKOjhf ntspaf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductors) cs;sf Nrkpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Operation system; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ fzpdpahd nkhopahf BASIC gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Microsoft ,d; Muk;g cUthf;fk; 1975 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

(v) ehd;fhtJ re;jjp (Fourth Generation (1979 ,d;W tiu)

LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circutis) ck; (Very Large Scale Integreated Circuits) ck; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd. Momery, Logic kw;Wk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;L (Control) gFjpfs; %d;Wk; xd;whf xU Chip Mf cUthf;fg;gl;l CPU mwpKfkhdJ.

ehd;fhtJ re;jjpf;fhd fzpdp nkhopahf Visicale, Lotus 1-2- 3, deBase kw;Wk; Microsoft Word; vd;gd ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. ghtidahsu;fspw;F ,yFthf ifahsf; $bajhf GUI (Graphical User Interface) 1980 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Ms Windows; ,d; Kjy;tbtk; 1983 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Apples; fzpdpfspy; GUI 1984 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Reference